Modeling and analysis of ionospheric TEC variability from GPS–TEC measurements using SSA model during 24th solar cycle

Ionospheric modeling across the Indian low latitudes continues to be a challenging task because of day-to-day variability pertaining underlying complex equatorial and latitude electrodynamics. In this paper, we aimed at developing an ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) model based on Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) using Global Positioning System (GPS)-TEC observations (from 2009 2019) Bengaluru (Geographic: 13.02° N, 77.57° E; Dip Angle: 13.77° N), station in India. SSA has most significant advantage extracting information from noisy time-series data with first-four modes decomposition, almost converging total variance about 99%. The proposed SSA-TEC been assessed by comparing it GPS-TEC as well outcomes latest version International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2016) GNSS Services Maps (IGS-GIM). results demonstrate excellent Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values between observed estimations laying 1.58 TECU (SSA), 7.04 (IRI-2016), 8.89 (GIM) respective correlation coefficients 0.99, 0.91, 0.94. are good agreement observations, presenting relatively better estimates TEC than IRI-2016 GIM during geomagnetically quiet disturbed daytime nighttime conditions under different seasons solar activity. Moreover, replicates changes time distribution characteristics ionosphere over location, foreseeing scopes for its regional implementation wide range operations.